Terima Kasih dan Semoga Bermanfaat!

Guys, semua postingan aku mulai dari asking and giving opinion sampai hortatory exposition adalah materi pelajaran Bahasa Inggrisku di semester I ini :). Bagi teman-teman yang sudah mampir kesini bahkan belajar disini terimakasih banyak yaa ! :). Semoga bermanfaat untuk kalian :). Postingan berikutnya menyusul :)

Hortatory Exposition

• Hortatry exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.
• To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation.
• Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc.
• Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people.

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments

Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition?

In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.

Example :

Watching TV

Thesis:

 Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course it is. Television can expose your children to things that you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, drug abuse, etc.

 Argument 1:

 One study demonstrated that watching too much TV during the day or at bedtime often causes bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay and anxiety around sleep, followed by shortened sleep duration.

 Argument 2:

 Another study found a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the like hood of subsequent aggressive acts against others.

 Argument 3:
Meanwhile, many studies have found an association between kids watching a lot of TV, being inactive and overweight.
Recommendation:
Considering some facts above, protect your children with some following tips:

1. Limit television viewing to 1-2 hours each day.
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms.
3. Review the ratings of TV shows that your children watch.
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening during the show.

Weather Report, Table and Graphs

Weather Report
Is a prediction of weather.

Expressions used in weather report :

• A high of twenty degrees
• A low of -25
• 20 percent chance of snow
• Mainly sunny
• Sunny with cloudy periods
• Above/below average temperatures
• A few flurries
• 5 day forecast
• Temperature are going to drop/dip/plunge (go down quickly)
• Temperature are going to rise/soar/climb (go up quickly)
• A warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving)

Name of weather :  

• Sunny
• Warm Hot
• Mild
• Cold
• Freezing
• Cloudy
• Foggy
• Smoggy
• Rainy
• Wet
• Dry
• Windy
• Snow
• Thunder
• Mist
• Blizzard
• Fog 
• Hurricane 
• Overcast

Example of weather report :
Well, for those of you who went out today, I don't have to tell you it was clear, but muggy for most of the state, with the high temperatures in the low to mid 90s. The city of Elkview had the high for the day of 97 degrees. And that's hot. I'm glad I'm working indoors today!
For those of you planning outdoor activities tomorrow, you can expect fair skies for most of Saturday with temperatures in the high 90's. However, things might change by Saturday evening with a storm front moving in. We can expect light scattered showers over the northern part of the state bringing slightly cooler temperatures in the eighties, but this rain should taper off by mid Sunday morning. It will be partly cloudy for most of the morning, but these clouds should move out by mid-afternoon.
Skies should be clear Sunday night for those wanting to catch a glimpse of the partial lunar eclipse. It should start at 10:47 pm. And that's all for today's weather. 

Table

Table presents facts and figures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. They are, ther table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given  within rows and colums

How to make table?

1. Observing the table title
2. Observe the columns in the table
3. Found significant differences in the data, either the highest, lowest, and average
4. Draw conclusions from the data presented in the table

Example of table :    

 

 
Graphs
Is a visual concise means of presenting information.

There are 3 kinds of graphs :

1. Bar graphs
2. Line graphs
3. Circle or Pie graphs

Bar GraphsIs a type of graphs which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. This is also called histogram, bar graphs is useful when there is a numerical comparison.
 

Line Graphs
Is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons  are needed.

Pie Graphs/Circle graphs
Used to show the parts that make up a whole. They can be useful for comparing the size of relative parts.

 

 
 


 

Soo, Too, Either, Neither

So
Is used to show agreement with positives statements.

SO + Auxiliary + Subject

Example :

-Lova likes playing guitar. Shandy also likes playing guitar.

-Lova likes playing guitar and so does Shandy

Too

Is used when the verb is in the affirmative form

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Too

Example :

-Nadya likes playing football and Ruko does too.

Either

Is used when the verb is in the negative form.

Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + either

Example:

-They do not go to canteen everyday. Sri does not go to canteen everyday.

-They do not go to canteen everyday and Erna does not either

Neither

Is used to show agreement with negative statements.

Neither + Auxiliary verb + Subject

Example :

-They do not go to canteen everyday, neither does Sri            

Definite and Indefinite Pronoun

Definite Pronoun
A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun when the noun has already been mentioned. Such as he, she, it. Definite pronoun does refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and definite.
Personal pronouns are :

•  I, 
• me,
• you,
• he, 
• him, 
• she, 
• her, 
• it, 
• we,
• us, 
• they, and
• them. 

Indenfinite Pronoun
An indenfinite pronoun does not refere to any specific person, thing, or amount. It is vague and "not definite".
Some typical indenfinite pronouns are :

• All
• Another 
• Any
• Anybody / anyone
• Anything 
• Each
• Everybody / everyone, everything
• Few 
• Many    

Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Expressing satisfaction : Expressing good felling, sense of comfort or happiness.
Expressing dissatisfaction : expressing lack of satisfaction

Expressing satisfaction

• It is with great pleasure that...!
• It gives me great satisfaction..
• I'm very pleased with it
• A most delightful example of..
• What a beautiful story!
• Great, love it.
• I'm content with.

Example :
- I am satisfied with the exam result of my students
- Your success will be a great satisfactory to your parents

Expressing Disatisfaction

•   It is disappointing that.!
• It is unacceptable
• This is the limit I won't take any more of...
• Well, this is most unsatisfactory.
• The concert is so boring.
• What an awful meeting
• It's not as good as I thought.

Example :
- The bad news dissatisfied me
- It is really dissatisfying preparation
 
 
 

Public Service Announcement and Posters

Public Service Announcement : is a free commercial for a non profit organization
Posters : Is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains.

*How to write Puvlic Service Announcement ?

1. Target your audience
2. Prioritize your media outlets to best reach that audience
3. Survey your media outlets to best reach that audience

*How to make posters :

1. Make it easy for your readers. If they are badly presented, no one will take the time to read them.
2. The purpose of your posters to present sientific information. Don't get carried away with using a lot of colors and fonts, which might distract from the presentation of your research.  
3. Your postres is a visual means of information.

Example Public Service Announcement :

• "This is your brain. This is your brain on drugs. Any question?"
• "A mind is a terrible thing to waste"
• "Friends don't let friends drive drunk"

Example Posters :

 


 

Transitions: Moreover, Futhermore, in Addition, Therefore, Consequently, etc.

While you do not want your paper or other written piece to sound like a long string of transition words, consider adding some of these suggestions from our list of transition words when appropriate in order to spice up your work and to make the sections flow more smoothly from one to another.

-Moreover

You can use “moreover” to replace “and in addition.” It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon.Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.

Here’s an example with correct punctuation:

-The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color; moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.

-Futhermore

You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written.Futhermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.

 

Example: 

We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.

-In addition

In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).

Examples:

-Anne and Alex act and sing.  In addition, they dance.

-She must dance gracefully.  In addition, she must dance precisely.

-Therefore

Therefore - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!).

Examples:

-those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining

-they heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route

-Consequently

“Consequently” is very similar to “so” and “therefore.” Like “therefore” it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word “consequence” means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.

Examples:

-Hector decided not to use a map; consequently, he got lost and never found his way out of the forest. There he died.

Noun Clauses

A noun clauses is a dependent clause or subordinate clause and is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Noun clauses usually begin with how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, who, whoever, or why.





There are the eight functions to fully and correctly use noun clauses in spoken and written English :

-Noun Clauses as Subjects

The first grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject. Subjects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that perform the action of or act upon the predicate. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subjects:

• Whoever ate my lunch is in big trouble.
• How you will finish all your homework on time is beyond me.
• That the museum cancelled the lecture disappoints me.

-Noun Clauses as Subject Complements

The second grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject complement. Subject complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a copular verb and describe the subject. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subject complements:

• The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture.
• My question is whether you will sue the company for losses.
• The first place winner will be whoever swims the farthest in an hour.

-Noun Clauses as Direct Objects The third grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the direct object. Direct objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow and receive the action of a transitive verb. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as direct objects:

• The counselor has been wondering if she chose the right career.
• Do you know when the train should arrive?
• Our dog eats whatever we put in his bowl. 

-Noun Clauses as Object Complements The fourth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the object complement. Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow and describe the direct object. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object complements:

• Her grandfather considers his biggest mistake that he did not finish college.
• The committee has announced the winner whoever wrote the essay on noun clauses.
• I have often declared the problem that most students do not understand grammar.

-Noun Clauses as Indirect Objects

The fifth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the indirect object. Indirect objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a ditransitive verb and indicate to or for whom or what is action of the verb is performed. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as indirect objects:

• The judge will give what you said some deliberation during her decision.
• The group has given that most Americans do not support their cause little consideration.
• My parents gave that my brother wants his own car much thought.

-Noun Clauses as Prepositional Complements

The sixth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the prepositional complement. Prepositional complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow a preposition to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as prepositional complements:

• Some people believe in whatever organized religion tells them.
• We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party.
• My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry for my birthday.

-Noun Clauses as Adjective Phrase Complements

The seventh grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the adjective phrase complement. Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as adjective phrase complements:

• I am pleased that you are studying noun clauses.
• The toddler was surprised that throwing a tantrum did not get him his way.
• My brother is angry that someone dented his new car.

-Noun Clauses as Appositives

The eighth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the appositive. Appositives are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe or explain another noun phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as appositives:

• That man, whoever is he, tried to steal some library books.
• The problem, that the storm knocked out power, is affecting the entire town.
• Your question, whether you should wear the blue dress or pink one, is frivolous in the situation.

 

Analytical Exposition

Is a type of text that belongs to the type of Argumentation Text where the text contains detailed author's thinking about a phenomenom that is around. The social function of the Analytical Exposition text is to convince the reader that the topic is presenred is an important topic for discussion or attention by way of argument otr the opinions that support the idea or topic.
 
GENERIC STRUCTURE
-Thesis : the author introduces the topic or main idea that will be discussed
-Argument : The author presents the arguments or the opinions that support the ideas of the author.
-Reiteration : contains rewriting or replacement of ideas contained in the first paragraph

LANGUAGE FEATURES
In Analytical Exposition text, there are several linguistic traits as below, namely :
Using relational process
• Using internal conjunction
• Using causal conjunction
• Using Simple Present Tense

EXAMPLE
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else. 

Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.
 
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
 
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies

Warning

Warning is admotion,notice, or pointing out an existing or potential danger, specially to one who would otherwise would not beaware of it.

Example :